Review

Abstract

The release of the first World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines on reducing the risk of cognitive decline and dementia was a significant milestone in the field of dementia prevention. The purpose is to provide insights for future research and policies regarding the reduction of dementia risk. We are reviewing and summarizing the WHO’s guidelines on modifiable risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia. The WHO evaluated 12 risk factors and provided evidence-based recommendations on lifestyle behaviors and interventions. The guidelines recommend physical activity to reduce the risk of cognitive decline, with specific recommendations for adults aged 65 and over. Interventions to help tobacco cessation are advised due to their potential to reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia. The WHO suggests a Mediterranean-like diet for adults with normal cognition and emphasizes the importance of a healthy, balanced diet for all adults. Alcohol reduction or cessation interventions are recommended based on extensive evidence linking alcohol to dementia and cognitive decline. Other risk factors, such as cognitive training, weight management, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and diabetes, have interventions recommended for their management. However, the WHO found insufficient evidence to support social participation, depression, and hearing loss as direct preventive measures against cognitive decline and dementia. The WHO advises treating both on their own merits, but found insufficient evidence to recommend treatment for cognitive risks alone.